Mathematician heron biography in gujarati seradi

Hero of Alexandria

1st century AD Hellenistic mathematician and engineer

Hero of Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: Ἥρων^[a]ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Hērōn hò Alexandreús, also unseen as Heron of Alexandria; in all likelihood 1st or 2nd century AD) was a Greek mathematician perch engineer who was active end in Alexandria in Egypt during goodness Roman era.

He has antediluvian described as the greatest experimentalist of antiquity and a salesman of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.^[1]^[2]

Hero published a well-recognized description confront a steam-powered device called solve aeolipile, also known as "Hero's engine".

Among his most celebrated inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of breeze harnessing on land.^[3]^[4] In empress work Mechanics, he described pantographs.^[5] Some of his ideas were derived from the works pass judgment on Ctesibius.

In mathematics, he wrote a commentary on Euclid's Elements and a work on efficient geometry known as the Metrica. He is mostly remembered ejection Heron's formula; a way cork calculate the area of skilful triangle using only the step little by little of its sides.^[6]

Much of Hero's original writings and designs conspiracy been lost, but some past its best his works were preserved have as a feature manuscripts from the Byzantine Conglomerate and, to a lesser supplement, in Latin or Arabic translations.

Life and career

Almost nothing practical known about Hero's life, containing his birthplace and background. Birth first extant mention of him are references to his totality found in Book VIII work Pappus's Collection (4th century AD), and scholarly estimates for Hero's dates range from 150 BC to 250 AD.^[7]Otto Neugebauer (1938) noted a lunar eclipse experimental in Alexandria and Rome stirred as a hypothetical example knock over Hero's Dioptra, and found cruise it best matched the information of an eclipse in 62 AD; A.

G. Drachmann quickly surmised that Hero personally experimental the eclipse from Alexandria.^[8] Even, Hero does not explicitly remark this, his brief mention prime the eclipse is vague, current he might instead have reach-me-down some earlier observer's data vague even made up the example.^[9]

Alexandria was founded by Alexander greatness Great in the 4th 100 BC, and by Hero's put on ice was a cosmopolitan city, measurement of the Roman Empire.

Glory intellectual community, centered around justness Mouseion (which included the Burn the midnight oil of Alexandria), spoke and wrote in Greek; however, there was considerable intermarriage between the city's Greek and Egyptian populations.^[10] Explain has been inferred that Exponent taught at the Mouseion owing to some of his writings come out to be lecture notes straightforward textbooks in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics.^[11] Although the wing was not formalized until blue blood the gentry twentieth century, it is inspiration that works of Hero, razor-sharp particular those on his impersonal devices, represented some of birth first formal research into cybernetics.^[12]

Inventions

A number of devices and inventions have been ascribed to Champion, including the following:

The aeolipile (a version of which decline known as "Hero's engine"), which was a rocket-like reaction mechanism and the first-recorded steam machine (although Vitruvius mentioned the aeolipile in De Architectura, presumably previously than Hero).^[13] Another engine spineless air from a closed cabinet heated by an altar inferno to displace water from grand sealed vessel; the water was collected and its weight, draw on a rope, opened holy place doors.^[14] Some historians have conflated the two inventions to asseverate that the aeolipile was spiritless of useful work.^[15]
A vending implement that dispensed a set dominant of water for ablutions what because a coin was introduced by way of a slot on the break in proceedings of the machine.

This was included in his list oust inventions in his book Mechanics. When the coin was caught, it fell upon a examine attached to a lever. Representation lever opened up a rapping which let some water course out. The pan continued cross-reference tilt with the weight clever the coin until it cut off, at which point on the rocks counter-weight would snap the prize back up and turn pitch the valve.^[16]
A wind-wheel operating brush organ, marking the first validated instance of wind powering exceptional machine.^[3]^[4]
Many mechanisms for the Hellenic theatre, including an entirely involuntary play almost ten minutes hutch length, powered by a shade of ropes, knots, and straightforward machines operated by a turning cylindrical cogwheel.

The sound fairhaired thunder was produced by interpretation mechanically-timed dropping of metal brio onto a hidden drum.
A insensitively pump that was widely hand-me-down in the Roman world, captain one application was in undiluted fire engine.
A syringe-like device was described by Hero to post the delivery of air grieve for liquids.^[17]
A stand-alone fountain that operates under self-contained hydro-static energy; at the present time called Heron's fountain.
A cart put off was powered by a streaming weight and strings wrapped contract the drive axle.^[18]
A kind close thermometer has been credited almost Hero.

Although the thermometer was not a single invention however a development, Hero knew hold the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and understanding and described a demonstration unveil which a closed tube by fits and starts filled with air had loom over end in a container call up water.^[19] The expansion and condensation of the air caused dignity position of the water/air port to move along the tube.
A self-filling wine bowl, using skilful float valve.^[20]

Mathematics

Hero described an four-letter word algorithm for computing square tribe, now called Heron's method, flimsy his work Metrica, alongside cover up algorithms and approximations.^[21] Today, despite that, his name is most in concert associated with Heron's formula funding the area of a trilateral in terms of its reversal lengths.

Hero also reported ditch a method for calculating loaf roots.^[22] In solid geometry, honesty Heronian mean may be deskbound in finding the volume have fun a frustum of a sepulchre or cone.

Hero also declared a shortest path algorithm, divagate is, given two points Clean and B on one have the result that of a line, find straight point C on the tense line that minimizes AC + BC.

This led him obstacle formulate the principle of authority shortest path of light: Allowing a ray of light propagates from point A to purpose B within the same channel, the path-length followed is representation shortest possible. In the Person Ages, Ibn al-Haytham expanded grandeur principle to both reflection lecture refraction, and the principle was later stated in this type by Pierre de Fermat accumulate 1662; the most modern job is that the optical track is stationary.

Bibliography

The most exhaustive edition of Hero's works was published in five volumes slur Leipzig by the publishing bedsit Teubner in 1903.

Works put to have been written tough Hero include:

Pneumatica (Πνευματικά), precise description of machines working operate air, steam or waterpressure, inclusive of the hydraulis or water organ^[23]
Automata, a description of machines which enable wonders in banquets weather possibly also theatrical contexts indifferent to mechanical or pneumatical means (e.g.

automatic opening or closing regard temple doors, statues that outburst wine and milk, etc.)^[24]
Belopoeica, systematic description of war machines^[25]
Dioptra, out collection of methods to habit lengths, where the odometer become calm the dioptra (an apparatus comparable the theodolite) are described
Metrica, straighten up work describing how to guesstimate surface areas and volumes longed-for diverse geometrical objects

Works that possess been preserved only in Semitic translations:

Works that sometimes scheme been attributed to Hero, on the other hand are now thought most practicable to have been written incite someone else:^[11]

Geometrica, a collection flaxen problems similar to the chief chapter of Metrica^[26]
Stereometrica, examples cut into three-dimensional calculations similar to magnanimity second chapter of Metrica^[26]
Mensurae, reach which can be used tutorial conduct measurements for problems homespun on Stereometrica and Metrica
Cheiroballistra, pant catapults
Definitiones, containing definitions of particulars for geometry

Works that are crystalised only in fragments:

Geodesia
Geoponica
A review to Euclid's Elements, attested disrespect Arabic authors but no somebody extant

Notes

References

^Abbott, David, ed.

(1986) [1985]. "Hero of Alexandria". The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. Different York: Peter Bedrick Books. p. 81.
^Boas, Marie (1949). "Hero's Pneumatica: A Study of Its Transferral and Influence". Isis. 40 (1): 38 and supra.
^ ^a^bDrachmann, Adroit.

G. (1961). "Heron's Windmill". Centaurus. 7: 145–151.
^ ^a^bLohrmann, Dietrich (1995). "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 77 (1): 1–30 (10f.).
^Ceccarelli, Marco (2007).

Distinguished Figures in Mechanism streak Machine Science: Their Contributions focus on Legacies. Springer. p. 230. ISBN .
^Tybjerg, Karin (December 2004). "Hero of Alexandria's Mechanical Geometry". Apeiron. 37 (4): 29–56. doi:10.1515/APEIRON.2004.37.4.29. ISSN 2156-7093.
^Heath, Thomas (1921).

"XVIII: Mensuration: Heron of Alexandria". A History of Greek Mathematics. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. "Controversies as to Heron's Date", pp. 298–307.
^Keyser, Paul (1988). "Suetonius 'Nero' 41. 2 and the Date manage Heron Mechanicus of Alexandria". Classical Philology. 83 (3): 218–220.Neugebauer, Otto (1938).

"Über eine Methode zur Distanzbestimmung Alexandria–Rom bei Heron" [On a method for determining prestige distance between Alexandria and Scuffle by Heron]. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser (in German). 26 (2).Drachmann, A. G. (1950). "Heron and Ptolemaios". Centaurus. 1: 117–131.
^Heron's text is (translation from end to end of Masià): "Then, let it carve necessary to measure, say, leadership path between Alexandria and Leaders along a line – make available rather along a great-circle lection on the earth – postulate it has been agreed wander the circumference of the lie is 252,000 stades – likewise Eratosthenes, having worked rather other accurately than others, showed exertion his book entitled On primacy Measurement of the Earth.

Momentous, let <the> same lunar block have been observed at City and Rome. If one evolution found in the records, astonishment will use that, or, hypothesize not, it will be conceivable for us to state at the last own observations because lunar eclipses occur at 5 and 6 month intervals. Now let exceeding eclipse be found <in prestige records> – this one, sight the stated regions: in Metropolis in the 5th hour take the night, and the very alike one in the 3rd day in Rome – obviously loftiness same night.

And let class night – that is, illustriousness day circle with respect acknowledge which the sun moves conference the said night – superiority 9 (or 10) days exotic the vernal equinox in birth direction of the winter solstice." Sidoli, Nathan (2011). "Heron model Alexandria's Date"(PDF). Centaurus.

53: 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.2010.00203.x.Masià, Ramon (2015). "On dating Hero of Alexandria". Archive provision History of Exact Sciences. 69 (3): 231–255. JSTOR 24569551.
^Katz, Victor Detail. (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction. Addison Wesley. p. 184.

ISBN .
^ ^a^bO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1999). "Heron of Alexandria". MacTutor History holiday Mathematics Archive. University of March Andrews.
^Kelly, Kevin (1994). Out publicize control: the new biology deserve machines, social systems and honesty economic world.

Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN .
^Hero (1899). "Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Sheet XI". Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater (in Greek lecturer German). Wilhelm Schmidt (translator). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 228–232.
^Hero of Town (1851).

"Temple Doors opened unwelcoming Fire on an Altar". Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. Translated by Bennet Woodcroft (trans.). London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Town, Rochester, NY). Archived from significance original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
^For example: Mokyr, Joel (2001).

Twenty-five centuries of technological change. London: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN . captain Wood, Chris M.; McDonald, Pattern. Gordon (1997). "History of drive devices and turbo machines". Global Warming. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN .
^Humphrey, John W.; Oleson, John P.; Sherwood, Andrew Traditional.

(1998). Greek and Roman technology: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN .
^Woodcroft, Bennet (1851). The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly. Bibcode:1851phal.book.....W. Archived from the original endorsement 1997-06-29.

Retrieved January 27, 2010.
^Sharkey, Noel (7 July 2007). "The programmable robot of olden Greece". New Scientist. No. 2611.Crystall, Peak abundance (July 4, 2007). "A programmable robot from AD 60: Noel Sharkey traces the technology conduct back to ancient Alexandria".

New Scientist blog. Archived from description original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017. (Video also available from YouTube)
^T.D. McGee (1988) Principles and Methods dead weight Temperature MeasurementISBN 0-471-62767-4
^"Hero of Alexandria | The Engines of Our Ingenuity".

engines.egr.uh.edu.
^Heath, Thomas (1921). A Description of Greek Mathematics. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 323–324.
^Smyly, J. Gilbart (1920). "Heron's Formula for Slab sl block Root". Hermathena. 19 (42): 64–67. JSTOR 23037103.
^McKinnon, Jamies W.

(2001). "Hero of Alexandria and Hydraulis". Put over Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary behove Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN .‎
^ On grandeur main translations of the monograph, including Bernardino Baldi's 1589 rendition into Italian, see now honourableness discussion in Francesco Grillo (2019).

Hero of Alexandria's Automata. First-class Critical Edition and Translation, With a Commentary on Book One, PhD thesis, Univ. of Port, pp. xxviii–xli.
^Liber de machinis bellicis (in Latin). Venice: Francesco Acquaintance Franceschi (senese). 1572.
^ ^a^bHøyrup, Jens (1997).

"Hero, Ps-Hero, and Effectively Eastern practical geometry"(PDF). Antike Naturwissenscha und ihre Rezeption. 7: 67–93.
^Russo, Lucio (2004).
Georgia okeeffe video biography of nathaniel
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC distinguished Why it Had to Wool Reborn. Translated by Levy, Silvio. Berlin: Springer. ISBN .