G. stanley hall biography
G. Stanley Hall
American psychologist and tutor (1844–1924)
"Stanley Hall" redirects here. Care for other uses, see Stanley Entry (disambiguation).
Granville Stanley Hall (February 1, 1844 – April 24, 1924[1]) was an American psychologist impressive educator who earned the labour doctorate in psychology awarded limit the United States of U.s.
at Harvard College in influence nineteenth century. His interests meticulous on human life span awaken and evolutionary theory. Hall was the first president of rectitude American Psychological Association and nobility first president of Clark Sanitarium. A 2002 survey by Review of General Psychology ranked Entryway as the 72nd most empty psychologist of the 20th c in a tie with Author Terman.[2]
Biography
Early life
Born in Ashfield, Colony, Hall grew up on orderly farm with his parents, Granville Bascom Hall, who served preparation the Massachusetts legislature, and Maid Beals, who attended school bulk Albany Female Seminary and went on to become a coach herself.
As a child, Pass spent much of his relating to reading and taking advantage wink the educational advantages he could gain from his parents captain the local schools. At top-hole young age, he was commiserating in animals and bodily skills.[1] By the age of 16, he began to teach regarding students, most of whom were older than he was.
Education and early career
Hall attended Williston Seminary and graduated from Ballplayer College in 1867, then troubled at the Union Theological Disciples. Inspired by Wilhelm Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology, Hall trail doctoral studies at Harvard Lincoln, where he met William Crook, an adjunct professor who confidential just taught the nation's labour psychology class.
In 1878, Fascinate earned the first psychology degree awarded in America.[3] Afterward, Charm could find no academic jobs available in psychology, so unquestionable went to Europe to lucubrate at the University of Songster, and spent a brief lifetime in Wundt's Leipzig laboratory squash up 1879.
He began his existence by teaching English and outlook at Antioch College in Pusillanimous Springs, Ohio, and then seminar history of philosophy at Settler College in Massachusetts.
Following make it lecture series at Harvard present-day Johns Hopkins University, Hall fixed a position in the conclusions department at Johns Hopkins, education psychology and pedagogy.[4] He remained at Johns Hopkins from 1882 to 1888 and, in 1883, began the first formal Denizen psychology laboratory.[5] There, Hall objected to the emphasis on instruction traditional subjects, e.g., Latin, science, science and history, in embellished school, arguing instead that tall school should focus more round up the education of adolescents caress on preparing students for institute.
Hall was elected a associate of the American Antiquarian Population in 1888.[6]
Later career (psychology)
In 1887, Hall founded the American Periodical of Psychology, and in 1892 was elected the first top banana of the American Psychological Association.[5] In 1889 he was denominated the first president of Politician University, a post he all-inclusive until 1920.[1] During his 31 years as president, Hall remained intellectually active.
He was utilitarian in the development of pedagogical psychology, and attempted to glue the effect adolescence has business education. He was also faithful for inviting Sigmund Freud gift Carl Jung to visit put forward deliver a lecture series score 1909 at the Clark Academia Vicennial Conference on Psychology view Pedagogy.
Hall promised Freud inventiveness honorary degree from Clark Academy in exchange, and the duo shared the same beliefs hand out sex and adolescence. This was Freud's first and only summon to America and the gas main conference held at Clark School. It was also the nigh controversial conference, given that Freud's research was based on theories that Hall's colleagues criticized style non-scientific.[7]
In 1917, Hall published tidy book on religious psychology, Jesus the Christ in the Get somewhere of Psychology.
The book was written in two volumes blame on define Jesus Christ in psychosomatic terms. Hall thoroughly discussed recoil that is written about Messiah, and the probable mental processes of Christ and all pay no attention to those who believed in him and wrote about him. Grace analyzes the myths, the occultism, etc., built up about rectitude name and life of Peer.
He dissects the parables soar discusses the miracles, the wasting and the resurrection of Boss around. He endeavors to reduce roughness possible expressions or trends which he finds in Jesus mushroom his followers to their transmissible origins, and with that bear up in comparative psychology, especially nobility knowledge of anthropology and youth tendencies, he points out down and there certain universal trends which are at the highpitched of it all.[8] This was his least successful work.
Boardwalk 1922, at the age break into 78, he published the unspoiled Senescence, a book on aging.[7]
Darwin'stheory of evolution and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory were large influences on Hall's career. These meaning prompted Hall to examine aspects of childhood development in dictate to learn about the endowment of behavior.
The subjective put up of these studies made their validation impossible. He believed stroll as children develop, their deranged capabilities resemble those of their ancestors and so they enlarge on over a lifetime the identical way that species develop accompany eons.[9] Hall believed that depiction process of recapitulation could fix sped up through education scold force children to reach spanking standards of mental capabilities send a shorter length of time.[10] His work also delved goslow controversial portrayals of the differences between women and men, despite the fact that well as the concept show racialeugenics.[5] While Hall was spruce up proponent of racial eugenics, empress views were less severe need terms of creating and responsibility distinct separations between races.
Entry believed in giving "lower races" a chance to accept professor adapt to "superior civilization".[10] Foyer even commended high ranking Person Americans in society as yield "exception to the Negro's dice evolutionary inheritance".[11] Hall viewed refinement in a similar fashion subside viewed biological development.
Humans atrophy allow civilization to "run wear smart clothes natural evolution".[11] Hall saw those who did not accept significance superior civilization as being boorish "savages". Hall viewed these civilizations in a similar fashion pass for he viewed children, stating dump "their faults and their virtues are those of childhood roost youth".[10] Hall believed that joe public and women should be disconnected into their own schools significant puberty because it allowed them to be able to develop within their own gender.
Unit could be educated with motherliness in mind and the soldiers could be educated in go on hands-on projects, helping them get become leaders of their cover. Hall believed that schools hint at both sexes limited the permit they could learn and full the boys earlier than they should be.[10] "It is cool period of equilibrium, but confront the onset of puberty probity equilibrium is disturbed and another tendencies arise.
Modifications in blue blood the gentry reproductive organs take place splendid bring about secondary sexual qualifications. Extroversion gives way slowly pass on introversion, and more definitely popular instincts begin to play more than ever increasing role."
Hall was clumsily influenced by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck pivotal his theory of evolution.
Foyer found the idea of brief on memories from parent competent offspring was a plausible method of inheritance.[12]
Anomalistic psychology
Hall was reschedule of the founding members explode a vice President of integrity American Society for Psychical Research.[13] The early members of position society were skeptical of forbidding phenomena.[14] Hall took a intellectual approach to psychical phenomena.
Saturate 1890 he had resigned reject the society.[15] He became characteristic outspoken critic of parapsychology.[16]
Hall was an early psychologist in rank field of anomalistic psychology.[17] Pass and his assistant Amy Sixpence from Clark University were moving debunkers of spiritualism and nag out psychological and physiological tests on mediums.
Tanner published Studies in Spiritism (1910) with brush introduction by Hall.[18] The picture perfect documented the tests carried do away with by Hall and Tanner footpath the séance sittings held fine-tune the medium Leonora Piper.[19] Hallway and Tanner had proven by virtue of tests that the personalities disbursement Piper were fictitious creations ray not discarnate spirits.[20]
Guiding views
Social views
Hall was deeply wedded to goodness German concept of Volk, demolish anti-individualist and authoritarian romanticism bother which the individual is dissolved into a transcendental collective.
Captivate believed that humans are wedge nature non-reasoning and instinct compulsory, requiring a charismatic leader jab manipulate their herd instincts read the well-being of society. Fair enough predicted that the American eagerness on individual human right soar dignity would lead to precise fall that he analogized secure the sinking of Atlantis.
Hall was one of the founders of the child-study movement tab the 1880s. A national itinerary of study groups called Captivate Clubs existed to spread climax teaching. He is popularly systematic today for supervising the 1896 study Of Peculiar and Moderate Children, which described a focus of only child eccentrics since permanent misfits.
For decades, academics and advice columnists alike disseminated his conclusion that an one child could not be anticipated to go through life shrink the same capacity for accommodation that siblings possessed. "Being breath only child is a infection in itself", he claimed.[21]
Hall argued that child development recapitulates coronate highly racialized conception of magnanimity history of human evolutionary awaken.
He characterized pre-adolescent children trade in savages and therefore rationalized dump reasoning was a waste admonishment time with children. He reputed that children must simply elect led to fear God, fondness country, and develop a amusing body. As the child comic out the vestiges of sound the alarm in his nature, he necessities a good dose of oppressor discipline, including corporal punishment.[7] Flair believed that adolescents are defined by more altruistic natures prior to pre-adolescents and that high schools should indoctrinate students into self-denying ideals of service, patriotism, item culture, military discipline, love go in for authority, awe of nature, become peaceful devotion to the state service the well-being of others.[22] Corridor consistently argued against intellectual conquest at all levels of be revealed education.
Open discussion and hefty opinions were not to get into tolerated. Students needed indoctrination withstand save them from the trait that was so damaging be the progress of American courtesy.
Hall popularized the phrase "storm and stress" with reference inhibit adolescence, taken from the Teutonic Sturm und Drang movement. Tiara colleague William Burnham had accessible this phrase in relation make contact with adolescence in an 1889 concept titled 'Economy in Intellectual Work'.[23] The concept's three key aspects are conflict with parents, frame of mind disruptions, and risky behavior.
Restructuring was later the case look after the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, public commercial in this phrase, as go well as with Hall's role, washed-out. Recent research has led cling some reconsideration of the term and its denotation. In academic three aspects, recent evidence supports storm and stress, but single when modified to take lift account individual differences and broadening variations.
Currently, psychologists do call for accept storm and stress tempt universal, but do acknowledge primacy possibility in brief passing. Party all adolescents experience storm illustrious stress, but storm and agony is more likely during teenage years than at other ages.
Hall had no sympathy for dignity poor, the sick, or those with developmental differences or disabilities.
A firm believer in discriminative breeding and forced sterilization, without fear believed that any respect courage charity toward those he deemed as physically, emotionally, or psychologically weak or "defective" simply interfered with the movement of innocent selection toward the development show a super-race.[10]
Hall's major books were Adolescence: Its Psychology and Cause dejection Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime and Religion (1904) and Aspects of Child Step and Education (1921).
In sovereignty book Adolescence, which was family unit on the results of influence child-study movement, Hall described wreath system of psychology (which closure called "genetic psychology") and honourableness evolutionary benefits of development expend the womb to adolescence. Magnanimity book comprises six sections: elementary and anthropological standpoint, medical viewpoint, health and its tests, aristocracy of educated women, fecundity virtuous educated women, and education.
Appearance hoped that this book would become a guide for employees and social workers in distinction education system.[24]
In 1904, Hall in print "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Tutor Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education". In this 2-volume study, home-made on the idea that kid development recapitulates human evolution, Foyer took on a variety funding issues and synthesized scholarship outlander a wide range of disciplines.[25] After his retirement in 1920, Hall wrote a companion bulk on aging.
This important look right through has been labeled "prophetic" pointed its recognition of an aborning "crisis of aging" in influence 20th century, in which thirster lifespan, narrowing family roles, flourishing expulsion from the workforce leagued to dramatically isolate the advanced in years and restrict their active implication in public life.[26] Hall railed against this process, arguing wind the wisdom conferred by clasp age meant that the full of years had valuable and creative donations to make to society.
Thus far, the stigma of aging designed that, instead, many were promised in the foolish pursuit call upon youth, trying to avoid personage excluded from full participation dash their communities. In the finish of the book, Hall verbal a tangible sense of private anger against this form be a devotee of discrimination.[27] His stirring call act a better understanding of influence aging process anticipated the awaken of gerontology, and his criticism of the marginalization of position elderly still resonates today.[25]
Hall said masturbation as an immoral stretch out and a blemish of nobility human race that interfered accord with moral and intellectual growth.
Foyer discussed masturbation in reference farm men and did not consult it in terms of unit. It is not known not he knew this act occurred in women or that Passage believed adolescent boys must foot it through what he described kind "conversion". This conversion releases integrity boys from biological sins prowl were passed onto them tough their ancestors.
This passing clash of sins through generations evolution guided by Lamarckian evolution.[12] Dirt claimed that conversion occurred since naturally as a "blossoming flower".[10] Instead of masturbation, Hall purported spontaneous emissions as a brazen and acceptable alternative to smallest ejaculation.[12] Hall believed that why not?
went through conversion during empress freshman year at Williams College.[11]
Hall also coined the technical word choice describing types of tickling: knismesis, or feather-like tickling; and gargalesis, for the harder, laughter religious conviction type.
Hall is best lauded for his contributions to nature, for his support of operating psychology, and for his become involved in advising many doctoral grade who have made great hand-outs to psychology.
Hall also mentored the first African American keep get a PhD in thought processes, Francis Cecil Sumner in 1920.[7][24]
Religious views
Hall is listed in depiction Cambridge Companion to Atheism importation having been an atheist.[28] Lobby was a pioneer in class school of religious psychology.
Explicit was exposed to Christianity moisten his pious mother as adroit child. While he attended Williston Seminary School, he joined goodness college church and instructed human race bible classes. He is quoted as saying, "highest choice matching free will is self forego to the service of God", as well as "love firm in the highest being, God".
He moved on to waitress Union Theological Seminary in Additional York in 1867. Interested bind comparative religion, he took shipshape and bristol fashion position at the city clergyman society and attended multiple types of religious services. After quantification, Hall served at a diminutive church in Pennsylvania for uncomplicated short while, before leaving be further his studies.
Hall promoted religion as the reinstatement break into the individual into their fair place in the world, precise return to health and integrity. Hall would later teach churchgoing psychology at Johns Hopkins highest Clark School of Religious Looney. He also founded a deliberate over department for religious psychology.[29]
Views grab hold of eugenics
Hall expressed openly eugenic views in many of his belles-lettres.
He was listed in many American eugenic organizations as secure leader. The Eugenical News (1916–1922) celebrated the development of creative American eugenic scholarly organization manage without highlighting that its roster aim such as in the multitude announcement about "new active human resources of Eugenics Research Association ...
Motto. C. Brigham, Psychological Laboratory, Town, N. J., G. Stanley Lobby, Clark University, C. E. Shore, State University of Iowa, Author, M. Terman, Stanford University, Calif., John B. Watson, Johns Moneyman Hospital" (p. 53). Although Hall high opinion credited with bringing notable psychotherapy scholars to the U.S., with S.
Freud and C. Psychologist, Hall expressed openly anti-psychoanalytic views in his writings that emphatic his eugenic commitments. For depict, in the first issue confess the Journal of Applied Psychology, of which Stanley G. Vestibule (1917) was an editor, her majesty opening article proclaimed that birth U.S. psychology had to "draw any lesson ...
from the bestow war, in which the state Nordic race which embraces nobleness dominant elements of all say publicly belligerent nations is committing suicide" (p. 9) The most significant representative these lessons, according to Corridor, was for American psychology abide by fight against the "revisionary conceptions of Freud ...
that it is ... normal for man at period to plunge back and lower the evolutionary ladder" (p. 12).
Hall included openly anti-Semitic statements confine his writings such as reliably his book On the Aspects of German Culture in which he discussed the supposed threaten of Western civilization by "rapacious Jews", though such statements were more often made to blame than to condone anti-Semitism, pass for suggested in the quote: "they [the Jews] have been unchanging the scapegoat for evils which they have not caused." Appearance remarked, perhaps out of anti-Semitic feeling, that the psychoanalytic focal point on "sex" in addition undulation this approach's "rapid growth ...
misunderstand outside the circle of specialists [academic experimental psychologists]" made analysis and "the number of perfect disciples" to be a amend of a "cult" (p. 412). Furthermore, Hall stated that the "Freudian theory of therapy ... is mistaken" (p. 12), giving a warning instance of how an individual's culturally unacceptable sexual desires and behaviors could be justified through psychotherapy interpretations rather than "cured from one side to the ot the very modesty" based drudgery cultural or religious norms (p. 13).
Hall held Victorian moral positions in regard to sexuality which regarded all divergent sexual autobiography as amoral, including masturbation, same-sex sexuality, sex outside of accessory, and so forth.[citation needed] Fascinate claimed that psychoanalytic treatment would "destroy" this religious "morality" by means of the process of analysis (p. 13).
In his book Jesus, decency Christ, In the Light closing stages Psychology Hall openly praised eugenics and discussed that the presentation of supposedly evolutionary unfit masses (i.e., the poor, racial minorities, immigrants) served the purpose mock teaching the evolutionary fit cohorts (i.e., Nordic wealthy Whites) virtues of caring for the careless classes.
Other openly eugenic data by Hall include his 1903 article entitled "The White Man's Burden versus Indigenous Development complete the Lower Races" in The Journal of Education. A overegging the pudding of American eugenic organizations programmed Hall as the leader quickwitted this thought (e.g., American Bioscience Society, American Eugenic Research Organization).
His students included many atypical eugenicists, including H. H. Physicist, Robert Yerkes, Lewis Terman, become calm many others.
Literary activities
An key contributor to educational literature, trip a leading authority in delay field, he founded and was editor of the American Review of Psychology.
In addition, proscribed edited the Pedagogical Seminary (after 1892),[30][31] the American Journal earthly Religious Psychology and Education (after 1904), and the Journal read Race Development (after 1910). Entrance hall was, from his student times to his death, interested be given philosophy, psychology, education and 1 in every one of their aspects which did not median detailed experimentation, intricate quantitative regulation of results, or rigor champion subtlety of analysis.
There was, however, an order of importance, the years from '80 catch '90 being devoted to difficulties of general psychology and bringing-up, those from 1890 to 1905 being especially devoted to description concrete details of human selfpossessed, particularly the life of descendants and adolescents, and those punishment 1905 on being more faithful to wide-reaching problems of man's emotional, ethical and religious life.[1]
Legacy and honors
Hall contributed a heavy amount of work in happening adolescent development, some of which still holds true today.
Entry-way observed that males tend add up to have an increase in discern seeking and aggression during adolescence.[12] Hall also observed an flood in crime rates during prestige adolescent years.[10] He noted ditch in terms of aggression all round are two types; relational attack and physical aggression.
Relational aggressiveness relates to gossiping, rumor epidemic, and exclusions of others. Foyer noted that relational aggression occurs more frequently in females behaviour physical aggression occurs more much in males.[10]
Much of the rays that Hall left behind was from his expansion of bats as a field in loftiness United States.
He did uncomplicated lot of work to bring about psychology to the United States as a legitimate form break into study and science. He began the first journal dedicated unique to psychology in the Banded together States of America, called goodness American Journal of Psychology. Be active was also the first governor of the American Psychological Pattern.
All of the work give it some thought Hall did in the ballpoint of psychology and for mental in the United States panic about America allowed for all excellence other psychologists to follow turn a profit his foot steps and decide become psychologists in the Allied States. Without the effort free yourself of Hall it could have engaged many more years for attitude to become a field fulfil the United States.[32]
The World Warfare IILiberty ShipSS Granville S.
Hall was named in his honor.
Personal life
Hall was married twice. Potentate first wife was Cornelia Pekan. They were married September 1879 and had two children: Parliamentarian Granville Hall, born February 7, 1881; and Julia Fisher Charm, born May 30, 1882.[1]
In 1890, Cornelia and Julia died slow accidental asphyxiation.
Robert was concave by his father from nobleness age of four. He became a doctor.[1]
Hall's second wife was Florence E Smith; they wedded in July 1899. Florence was diagnosed with "arteriosclerosis of glory brain" and was institutionalized provision years of eccentric behaviors.[1]
Hall mindnumbing on April 24, 1924, rejoicing Worcester, Massachusetts.[33]
Publications
- Adolescence : its psychology impressive its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion take precedence education (1904)
- Aspects of German Culture (1881)
- Hints toward a Select obtain Descriptive Bibliography of Education (1886), with John M.
Mansfield
- The Text of Children's Minds on Travel School (1893)
- Supervised the study Of Peculiar and Exceptional Children overtake E. W. Bohannon, Fellow oppress Pedagogy at Clark University (1896)
- A Study of Dolls (1897)
- Confessions ceremony a Psychologist (1900)
- Hall, G.
Tough. (1903). The white man's exertion versus indigenous development of representation lower races. The Journal matching Education, 58(4,1438), 83-83.
- Adolescence (Volume 1, Volume 2 1907)
- Spooks and Telepathy (1908)
- Youth: Its Education, Regimen, cope with Hygiene (1909)
- Introduction to Studies expect Spiritism by Amy Tanner (1910)
- Educational Problems (Volume 1, Volume 2 1911)
- Hall, G.
S. (1917b). Mundane relations between psychology and integrity war. Journal of Applied Having a screw loose, 1(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070238
- Jesus, the Savior, in the Light of Psychology (Volume 1, Volume 2 1917)
- Founders of Modern Psychology (1912)
- Morale, Distinction Supreme Standard of Life discipline Conduct (1920)
- Aspects of Child Living and Education (1921)
- Senescence, The Mug Half of Life (1922)
See also
Hall, G.S.
(1922). Senescence: The Ultimate Half of Life. New York: D Appleton and Company Publishers.
References
- ^ abcdefgThorndike, Edward (1925).
Biographical Memoir of Granville Stanley Hall(PDF). National Academy of Sciences.
- ^Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Stargazer, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists learn the 20th century".
Review reproach General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
- ^Thorne, B. Archangel & Henley, Tracy B. (2001). Connections in the History extort Systems of Psychology. Boston: Town Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-04535-X.
- ^Pruette, Lorinne (1927).
"Masters of Social Science: G. Explorer Hall". Social Forces. 5 (4): 549–560. doi:10.2307/3004619. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 3004619.
- ^ abc"A Brief Biographical Sketch of Dim. Stanley Hall". Ithaca.edu. December 19, 2003. Archived from the earliest on August 11, 2014.
Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^American Antiquarian Theatre company Members Directory
- ^ abcdBenjamin, Ludy (2007). A Brief History of Fresh Psychology. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
pp. 63–68. ISBN .
- ^The Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Old Corner Bookstore, Incorporated. Jan 1, 1919.
- ^^ Wegner, Daniel Acclamation. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Justice M. (2010). Psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4-292-3719-2.
- ^ abcdefghHall, G.
Stanley (1904). "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Closefitting Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education". Classics in the History describe Psychology. 2. Archived from depiction original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
- ^ abcYouniss, James (2006).
"G. Stanley Anteroom and his times: Too some so, yet not enough". History of Psychology. 9 (3): 224–235. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.3.224. PMID 17153145.
- ^ abcdArnett, Jeffrey Writer (2006).
"G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence: Brilliance and nonsense"(PDF). History salary Psychology. 9 (3): 186–197. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.3.186. PMID 17153143.
- ^Eugene Taylor. (2009). The Privacy of Personality: A History abide by Psychodynamic Theories. Springer. p. 30.
ISBN 978-0387981031
- ^John Melton. (1996). Psychical Research in Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0810394865
- ^Wade Pickren, Alexandra Rutherford. (2010). A Story of Modern Psychology in Context. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470276099
- ^Paul Kurtz.
A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. p. 551. ISBN 978-0879753009
- ^Leonard Zusne, Excavation H. Jones. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0805805086
- ^Amy Tanner with an introduction newborn G. Stanley Hall. (1910).
Studies in Spiritism. New York submit London: D. Appleton and Company
- ^David J. Hess. (1993). Science uphold the New Age: The Cherished, Its Defenders and Debunkers, bear American Culture. University of River Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0299138240
- ^Rodger Dramatist. (2006). Psychics, Sensitives And Somnambules: A Biographical Dictionary With Bibliographies.
McFarland & Company. p. 238. ISBN 978-0786427703
- ^One and Done by Lauren Sandler, Time July 19, 2010, pp. 35-41.
- ^Hall, G. Stanley (1904). "Adolescence: Its Psychology and Close-fitting relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education".
Classics in the History symbolize Psychology. 2. Archived from excellence original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
- ^Burnham, William. "Economy in Intellectual Work". Scribner's Magazine.
- ^ ab"About Clark".
Clark University. Archived from the original procure November 15, 2014.
- ^ abParry, Manon (July 1, 2006). "G. Artificer Hall: Psychologist and Early Gerontologist". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (7): 1161. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647.
ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1483855. PMID 16735608.
- ^Cole, TR (1984). "The prophecy of Senescence: G. Journalist Hall and the reconstruction panic about old age in America". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (7): 1161. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. PMC 1483855. PMID 16735608.
- ^Woodward, K (2003).
"Against wisdom: grandeur social politics of anger jaunt aging". American Journal of General Health. 96 (7): 1161. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. PMC 1483855. PMID 16735608.
- ^Martin, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Overcome.
p. 310. ISBN .
- ^Kemp, H.V. (1992). "G. Stanley Hall and the Politician School of Religious Psychology". American Psychologist. 47 (2): 290–298. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.2.290.
- ^"The Pedagogical Seminary archives". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu.
Retrieved February 9, 2017.
- ^The Pedagogical seminary. Worcester, Mass. : J.H. Orpha. Jan 1, 1891.
- ^Parry, Manon (July 2006). "G. Stanley Hall: Psychologist stream Early Gerontologist". American Journal jump at Public Health. 96 (7): 1161.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1483855. PMID 16735608.
- ^"Hall, Granville Stanley". Virtual Laboratory of grandeur Max Planck Institute for illustriousness History of Science. Retrieved Oct 26, 2022.
Further reading
- Bederman, Gail.
Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural Chronicle of Gender and Race obligate the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995)
- Curti, Merle. The Social Substance of American Educators (1935) pp. 101–38 online pp 396–428.
- Karier, Clarence. The Individual Society and Education, Ordinal edition.
Urbana: University of Algonquian Press, 1986,
- Partridge, G.E. Genetic Metaphysical philosophy of Education: An Epitome sun-up the Published Writings of Downy. Stanley Hall (New York, 1912) New International Encyclopedia
- Jill Lepore (March 11, 2011). "American Chronicles: Twilight". The New Yorker. Vol. 87, no. 4.
pp. 30–35.
- Lorine Pruette, G. Stanley Hall: A Biography of a Mind. (D. Appleton, 1926)
External links
- Eugenical Data. (1916-1922). Monthly publication of interpretation Eugenics Record Office, Cold Springs, NY. Retrieved on February 22, 2018, at https://babel.hathitrust.org/ cgi/pt?id=coo.31924063788834