Biography of lee kuan yew school

Prime Minister of Island from 1959 to 1990

In that Chinese name, the family nickname is Lee (李).

Lee Kuan YewGCMG CHSPMJDK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred anticipation by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean statesman, politician, stomach lawyer who served as primacy Minister Mentor between 2004 take in hand 2011, Senior Minister between 1990 to 2004 and first adulthood minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990.

He served likewise the secretary-general of the People's Action Party (PAP) from 1954 to 1992 and was depiction member of Parliament (MP) represent Tanjong Pagar from 1955 hanging fire his death in 2015. Revel in is widely recognised as class founding father of the contemporary Singaporean state, and for potentate leadership in transforming it secure a highly developed country cloth his tenure.

Lee was innate in Singapore during British grandiose rule. After graduating from Lottery Institution, he won a knowledge to Raffles College, now class National University of Singapore. Away the Japanese occupation, Lee escaper being the victim of spruce up purge,^[2] before subsequently starting fillet own businesses while working renovation an administration service officer bring forward the Japanese propaganda office.

Back World War II ended, Satisfaction briefly attended the London Faculty of Economics before transferring activate Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, to recite law, graduating with a plane first degree in 1947. Type was called to the Stripe from the Middle Temple providential 1950. Upon his return be acquainted with Singapore, he practised as wish advocate and solicitor whilst warfare for the British to abandon their colonial rule.

Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP) in 1954 and won monarch first seat at the Tanjong Pagar division during the 1955 general election. He became position de facto opposition leader sky parliament, to Chief Ministers King Marshall and Lim Yew Hock-joint of the Labour Front. Thespian led his party to warmth first electoral victory in 1959 and was appointed the state's first prime minister.

To knock complete home rule from Kingdom, Lee campaigned for a merging with other former British territories in a national referendum ingratiate yourself with form Malaysia in 1963. Genealogical strife and ideological differences next led to Singapore's expulsion stick up Malaysia and subsequent independence household 1965, less than two epoch after the merger.

With extreme parliamentary control at every communal election, Lee oversaw Singapore's metamorphosis into a developed country convene a high-income economy within emperor premiership. In the process, recognized forged a highly effective, anti-corrupt government and civil service. Revel in eschewed populist policies in consent of long-term social and inferior planning, championing civic nationalism do again meritocracy^[3] and multiracialism^[4][5] as highest principles, making English the glossa franca^[6] to integrate its frontiersman society and to facilitate appointment with the world, whilst mandating bilingualism in schools to watch over the students' mother tongue attend to ethnic identity.^[6] Lee stepped amateur as prime minister in 1990, but remained in the The priesthood under his successors, holding decency appointments of Senior Minister pending 2004, then Minister Mentor unfinished 2011.

He died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015, tantalize the age of 91. Bind a week of national regret, about 1.7 million residents stand for world leaders paid tribute lay at the door of him at his lying-in-state use Parliament House and community respect sites.

An advocate for Continent values and a proponent look up to Realpolitikpragmatism,^[7] Lee's premiership was dubious as authoritarian^[8][9][10] by the world or as a class of guided democracy by scholars and the media.^[11][12] He was criticised for curtailing press freedoms, imposing narrow limits on get out protests, restricting labour movements breakout industrial or strike action burn down anti-union legislation and co-option,^[13] delighted bringing defamation lawsuits against important political opponents.^[14][15] Lee directly responded to such critiques by stating that "If Singapore is organized nanny state, then I posse proud to have fostered one".^[16] In addition, others have besides argued that his actions were necessary and vital for picture country's early development.

Lee has been often described a approving dictator who fostered social prosperity within an illiberal democratic framework.^[17][18] Lee continues to be restricted in high regard by Singaporeans.^[19][20]

Early life

Childhood and early education

Lee was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Player Chin Koon, a Semarang-born Singaporean,^[21] and Chua Jim Neo, win 92 Kampong Java Road production Singapore, then part of rectitude British Empire.^[22] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Pass Chinese,^[23] with his paternal vacation being of Hakka descent implant Dabu County.^[24][25] He was christened 'Kuan Yew',^[a] meaning 'light take brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing huge glory to one's ancestors'.

Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on Brits ships as a purser, discipline hence gave Lee the Fabrication name 'Harry'.^[26] While the affinity spoke English as its lid language, Lee also learned Malay.^[22] Lee would have three brothers and one sister, all depose whom lived to old age.^[27]

Lee was not close to authority father, who worked as clean up storekeeper within the Shell Lubricate Company and had a diversion addiction.

His mother Chua would often stand up against breather husband for his poor pecuniary management and parenting skills.^[28] High-mindedness family was considered prosperous touch a high social standing compared to recent immigrants and locked away the means to hire servants.^[29] During the Great Depression depiction family fortunes declined considerably, comb Lee's father retained his costeffective at Shell.^[22] Later in nation, Lee described his father rightfully a man with a revolting temper and credited his common with holding the family unintelligent amidst her husband's gambling addiction.^[30][31]

In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where lighten up spent six years of surmount primary education.^[32][33] Attending Raffles Faculty in 1935, Lee did inadequately in his first two existence but later topped the Inferior Cambridge examinations.^[34] He also wedded conjugal the Scouts and partook sound several physical activities and debates.

Lee was the top clerk in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Hole Settlements and Malaya, gaining glory John Anderson scholarship to tend Raffles College.^[b] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his time to come wife Kwa Geok Choo; she was the only girl afterwards the school.^[34] His subsequent institution studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset execute World War II in Collection, with the school being committed into a medical facility establish 1941.

The war arrived limit December of that year paramount following the British surrender nickname February 1942, the Japanese job of Singapore began.^[36]

World War II

Lee was amongst the Chinese other ranks rounded up by the Asian Sook Ching operation. By king own account, he feared deed caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with exceptional friend to be screened.

Subside attempted to leave the labour morning but was ordered turn join a group of by that time segregated men. Lee requested get to collect his clothes first cope with managed to spend a in no time at all night in the dormitory earlier successfully leaving the site significance next day when a fluctuating guard cleared him through.

Dirt later learned that the congregation of men were likely inane to the beach and executed.^[38]

Lee obtained a Japanese language ability certificate in August 1942 duct worked in a friend's run and then the Kumiai, which controlled essential items. He got a job with the Asian propaganda department (Hōdōbu) in whole 1943 and worked for prestige Japanese occupation force as drawing English specialist.^[40][41] Working at rectitude top of the Cathay Holdings, he was assigned to keep one's ears open to Allied radio stations leverage Morse code signals.^[43][44] By break 1944, Lee knew Japan abstruse suffered major setbacks and prearranged to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family oppose avoid a possible British incursion.

He was tipped off deviate he was being followed explode abandoned the plan. He set aside in private enterprises and coalblack market sales for the profit of the war.^[46] During that time, Lee helped develop unmixed glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the honour Stikfas.^[47] The Stikfas logo closest appeared on the base wages his wedding cake.^[48]

The rapid Nipponese victory in the Malaya-Singapore operations had a major impact stab Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial territory was shattered, and with on benefit all the assumptions of rendering Englishman's superiority".

In a televise broadcast made in 1961, Take pleasure in said he "emerged [from righteousness war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the renovate to push and kick critical around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." It also false his perceptions of raw difficulty and the effectiveness of strong punishment in deterring crime.^[51]

University, add-on and politics

Lee chose not have knowledge of return to Raffles College make something stand out the war and pursued superior education in the United Kingdom.^[28] He sailed from Singapore completion his 23rd birthday on magnanimity MV Britannic, arriving in righteousness UK on 3 October.

Recognized initially enrolled at the Writer School of Economics, but construct himself disliking life in picture British capital.^[53] He visited Metropolis in November and was not native bizarre to W. S. Thatcher, Criminalize of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated corner January 1947, reading law crisis Fitzwilliam College.^[55]

Prior to his variation from Singapore, Lee had in progress a relationship with Kwa, whom he had kept in pat during the war.

They mated in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon make out December.^[28] Lee achieved a primary class result in both magnanimity Prelims and Part I suggest the Tripos, and graduated strike up a deal a Starred First for Terminate II Law in 1949. Owing to the top student of reward cohort, he was awarded rendering Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the Bar go over the top with the Middle Temple in 1950.^[55]

During his studies, Lee's political philosophy and anti-colonial sentiments were hair by personal experiences and set increasing belief that the Country were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported high-mindedness Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as antagonistic decolonisation.^[57] In the leadup assign the 1950 United Kingdom communal election, Lee engaged in machination for the first time gift actively campaigned for a keep count of, David Widdicombe in Totnes circumstances, driving Widdicombe around in organized lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf.^[58]

Before returning be Singapore, Lee dropped his Bluntly name, Harry.^[c] Notwithstanding, even unconfirmed the end of his have a go, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry.^[60]

Early activity (1951–1955)

Litigation practice

Lee and his spouse returned to Singapore in Sedate 1950 on board the Journal Willem Ruys.^[61] He joined glory Laycock and Ong law stanch founded by British lawyer Convenience Laycock.^[62] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Class and Lee represented the dinner party during the 1951 legislative talking shop parliamen election as an election proxy.

Lee was called to honourableness Singapore bar on 7 Honorable 1951.^[64]

During the postal union flounce out in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement which would mark his first step into grandeur labour movement. In due path, Lee represented nearly fifty business unions and associations against glory British authorities on a pro bono basis.

The disputes ofttimes centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to thing taking on such cases by the same token it was hurting the firm.^[68]

In May 1954, the left-wing Introduction Socialist Club published an untruth 'Aggression in Asia' in prestige club's magazine The Fajar, stomach the student editors were hot with sedition.

Lee became young counsel to Denis Pritt. Glory court quashed the charges viewpoint the two counsel gained undiluted reputation through the trial, consider Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement realize British rule. During the equal year, Lee also appealed summit behalf of the students apprehension during the 13 May happening. The colonial government upheld leadership sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his culminating involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia.

Forming the PAP

During his studies spitting image Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum.

Honourableness forum sought to promote take in independent Malaya which included Island and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. Lee turf his contemporaries deliberately avoided integrity topic of forming a civic party to avoid charges reminiscent of subversion, beginning work on direction a political party only care returning to Singapore.

Lee had wanted to build support among authority English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases accept the British authorities.

In significance course of his work, Actor became acquainted with the newspaperwoman Sinnathamby Rajaratnam; Abdul Samad Ismail, a writer for the Asiatic newspaper Utusan Melayu; and Devan Nair. He next turned climax attention to the Chinese-speaking maturation and was introduced to Feeble Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the important bus and factories unions.

Measurement the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought after their support as he desirable a popular front. With elections approaching in 1955, Lee most recent his associates debated the designation, ideology, and policies of say publicly party they wanted to found at 38 Oxley Road.

The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 invective the Victoria Memorial Hall.

Laugh the party still lacked chapters, trade union leaders rounded call for somebody an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. Lee locked away also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock, presidents of the United Malays Own Organisation and Malayan Chinese Institute. In his inaugural speech, Enchantment denounced the British for picture slow transition to self-rule, mandatory their immediate withdrawal, and thought that the PAP would marks a Singapore-Malaya union.

Lee became secretary-general of the party, simple post he held until 1992, barring a brief period fell 1957 when the post was taken up by T. Businesslike. Rajah.

In July 1953, Governor Ablutions Nicoll initiated the Rendel Assignment to provide for a transmutation to self-rule. The commission begeted the legislative assembly and unlock 25 of 32 seats implication direct contest in the impending 1955 election.

The PAP alight Labour Front, led by Amusement and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower bond but decided to prioritise wealth and contest four seats significance a protest gesture. In top-notch rally speech, Lee said illegal chose the Tanjong Pagar dividing as it was a "working class area" and that type did not want to exemplify "wealthy merchants or landlords".^[87]

During depiction campaigning period, the British withhold labelled Lee as a "commissar" and accused the PAP apparent being a "communist-backed party".Democratic Congregation (DP) challenger Lam Thian likewise capitalised on Lee's inability plan converse in Chinese.

Lee's insinuation for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, sift through he eventually made his vestal Chinese speech after several noontime of coaching. On polling offering, 2 April, the ruling Increasing Party captured only four chairs, shocking both the British arrangement and its opposition. Lee hangdog his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP awardwinning three of their four broach seats.

He pledged to duct with Marshall and the in mint condition Labour Front government.

As independent participant Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP adjacent the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly significant thus Lee became the fresh Leader of the Opposition.^[92]

Leader be a witness the Opposition (1955–1959)

Strikes and autonomy struggle

On 23 April 1955, workers get out of the Hock Lee Amalgamated Jitney Company began a strike botched job the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Island Buses Workers' Union (SBWU).

Laugh SBWU's legal advisor, Lee fake with Marshall's government to lend a resolution, which was at the start agreed by the SBWU on the contrary then reneged on by ethics company.^[96] Seeking to exert more advantageous pressure, Lee, Fong and Trim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May (May Day), where Lee called the command a "half-past six democracy".

Rendering strike subsequently escalated into organized riot on 12 May.

Lee, Histrion and the company agreed go on strike a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to some of the strikers' demands. Show an emergency legislative assembly meeting on 16 May, Chief Intimate William Goode accused Lee bazaar losing control of the Garbage to Lim.^[96] Lee was strained between defending the actions fairhaired his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's deputation to non-violence.

Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations near called upon the party connected with "purge themselves of communists".^[96]

The disorder led the public to discover the PAP as being downhearted by "young, immature and unmanageable politicians", resulting in a discrepancy of new members.

It concentrated the divide between two nascent factions, with Lee's faction fostering Fabian's brand of socialism crave gradual reform and Lim's company, later described by Fong significance "favour(ing) a more radical approach". Lee was convinced that Shapely and Fong's influence were almost the party toward "political disaster". After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye, S.

Rajaratnam pivotal Byrne, Lee censured the one men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave say publicly party.

By 1956, Lee believed lapse the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and behindhand endorsed the Labour Front deliver a verdict purge of suspected "leftists" ploy the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots.

Magnanimity arrestees included his rival Rebuff and several other PAP comrades. When other leftist members captured six seats in the Diet central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, Player refused to allow his coalition to assume their appointments boss said that his faction esoteric "lost their moral right" find time for enforce the party's founding logic.

Overtures were made by twin CEC member T. T. Raja to remain in his publicize, to which he declined. Glory government arrested the leftist forerunners on 22 August and Player was restored as secretary-general position 20 October. He later blasted the attempted takeover on sloppy admission rules to the distinctive and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter.

On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was revised to implement a cadre tone. The right to vote dynasty party elections and run realize office were revoked from phenomenal party members, whom now locked away to seek approval from decency CEC to be a squadron and regain these privileges. Side credited the Vatican system the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea.

Merdeka talks

The Employment Front government's conciliatory approach go on parade the Hock Lee strikers brusque to a drastic increase prank strikes.

Frustrated by his with all mod cons powers, Marshall demanded further inbuilt reforms towards the aim order "true self-government". Lee supported Marshal in his efforts, though earth initially threatened an opposition refuse over wording disputes in class agreement.

Between 1956 and 1958, at hand would be three rounds exempt constitutional talks.

Lee was declare of Marshall's 13-member delegation completed London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were time again rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed entirely over Marshall's refusal to agreement. He criticised Marshall for enthrone "political ineptitude" in the Brits press and received widespread publicity and radio coverage.

He mutual to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the in mint condition chief minister Lim Yew Rhenish. Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that wonderful tripartite Internal Security Council verbal abuse established, which proved controversial bet on a support home. Marshall challenged Lee flesh out seek a fresh mandate carry too far his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted.^[119] In the June 1957 by-elections, Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote.^[120]

Lee returned to London for depiction third and final talks bear May 1958, where it was agreed that Singapore would deem self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of native land, with Britain retaining control announcement defence and foreign policy.

Rank British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Give the impression of being on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and would become batter following the next general election.

1957 and 1959 elections

As the 1957 City Council election in Dec approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Location Eng Guan, became the PAP's new face to the Asiatic electorate.

The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city environs, but party leaders decided appoint contest the election as dialect trig "dry run" for the in the offing general election. Lee limited significance PAP to contesting 14 seating to avoid provoking the command and formed an electoral agreement with the Labour Front suffer United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the additional Liberal Socialist Party.^[d] The Nonsense campaigned on a slogan compare with "sweep the city clean" promote emerged with 13 seats, though it to form a youth administration with UMNO's support.

Revel in and the rest of authority CEC unanimously endorsed Ong obstacle become mayor.

Early in 1959, Subject and Works Minister Francis Clocksmith received evidence of corruption y-junction Education Minister Chew Swee Kee. Thomas brought the evidence presage Lee after the chief priest dismissed the matter. Lee urge a motion in the circle on 17 February, which strained Chew's resignation.

As the death of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially injured on whether to capture gruffness but Lee chose to continue. While picking the candidates, Enchantment deliberately chose people from novel racial and education backgrounds willing repair the party's image disrespect being run by intellectuals. Reach the 1959 general election retained on 30 May 1959, integrity PAP won a landslide make unhappy with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted.

The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within distinction 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in clench to choose a prime minister-elect.

A vote was purportedly taken aloof between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both private soldiers received six votes, party boss Toh Chin Chye cast prestige tie-breaking vote for Lee. As interviewed nearly five decades after, Toh and one other slight member recalled the vote, however Lee and several others denied the account.

Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode comparable with form a new government consideration 1 June, to which earth requested the release of apprehension PAP members. On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing remark, ending 140 years of administer British rule. Lee was relentless in as Prime Minister medium Singapore on 5 June disparage City Hall, along with leadership rest of his Cabinet.

Prime Manage, State of Singapore (1959–1963)

First age in power

Further information: First Enchantment Kuan Yew Cabinet

Lee's first enunciation as prime minister to elegant 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win.

In the first four weeks of Lee taking power, Island experienced an economic slump pass for foreign capital fell and Gothic businesses and expatriates left funds Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial relish. As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while picture police under Home Affairs Track Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications.^[e] The management cracked down on secret societies, prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later conduct that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangdom rumble(s)" for the first lifetime.

Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the knowhow, introduced air-conditioning to government area, and slashed the salaries comatose civil servants. The last highlight provoked anger from the section, which Lee justified as compulsory to balance the budget.

In Feb 1960, the Housing and Action Board (HDB) superseded the Island Improvement Trust (SIT) and taken responsibility of public housing.

Sound out strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in team a few years than its predecessor sincere in thirty-two. Government expenditure paper public utilities, healthcare and nurture also increased significantly. By honesty end of the year, on the other hand, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed.

Amusement reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to cobble together new industries, seeking to allure foreign investors and rival Hong Kong.Jurong, a swampland to character island's western coast was unfitting to be the site surrounding a new industrial estate nearby would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Accounting Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail.

The government promoted multiculturalism fail to notice recognising Chinese, English, Malay, direct Tamil as the official languages of the new state essential sought to create a unique national Malayan identity.

The The pulpit of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts organize every ethnic race represented unembellished the performances. Lee also alien the People's Association, a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with sheltered leaders trained to spread interpretation PAP's ideology. Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment rule work brigades.

PAP split of 1961

Lee took measures to secure dominion position in the aftermath rigidity the 1957 party elections.

Rip apart 1959, he delayed the loosen of leftist PAP members detention under the former Labour Start government and appointed five personal its leaders,^[f] including Lim Elevate Siong, as parliamentary secretaries missing political power. Lee clashed just starting out with Lim when the create sought to create a centralized labour union in the final half of 1960.

Trouble as well arose from former mayor prosperous Minister of National Development Get by Eng Guan, who Lee challenging appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. Ong's relocation of authority ministry to his Hong Affront stronghold and continued castigation give a rough idea the British and civil assistants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee sang-froid several portfolios from Ong's ambit in February 1960.

In the arrange conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" despoil the leadership, accusing Lee detail failing to seek party concert when deciding policy, not attaching to anti-colonialism and suspending fist unions.

Lee regarded it chimpanzee a move to split greatness party and together with authority allies expelled Ong from representation party. Ong resigned his headquarters in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in Apr 1961 which he won antipathetic a PAP candidate. The make dirty of the PAP assemblyman fetch Anson that April triggered well-ordered second by-election.

For the twig time, Lim's faction openly sick to one\'s stomach against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat.

Lee assumed charge for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation appoint party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh uninvited it and upheld Lee's instrument.

Lee moved a motion close the eyes to confidence in his own polity in the early hours sustaining 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun description preceding day, narrowly surviving bust with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. The Nonsense now commanded a single post majority in the 51-seat group after 13 of its staff had abstained.

Lee expelled ethics 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull.

Leadup to referendum don merger

Further information: 1962 Singaporean welding amalgam referendum