Biography of aurobindo ghosh in bengali

Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, rhymer and nationalist (1872–1950)

For the medicine company, see Aurobindo Pharma.

Sri Aurobindo
Aurobindo, c. 1900
Born	Aurobindo Ghose (1872-08-15)15 Respected 1872 Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died	5 Dec 1950(1950-12-05) (aged 78) Pondicherry, French India (present-day Pondicherry, Puducherry, India)
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Relatives	Rajnarayan Basu (maternal-grandfather) Manmohan Ghose (brother) Barindra Kumar Ghose (brother)[1]
Signature
Religion	Hindu
Founder of	Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Philosophy
Disciples Champaklal, Nolini Kanta Gupta, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, K. D. Sethna, Nirodbaran, Pavitra, M. P. Pandit, A.B. Purani, Dilipkumar Roy, Satprem, Indra Sen

Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Amerindic philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, Educationist and Indian nationalist.^[3] He was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as Bande Mataram.

Put your feet up joined the Indian movement dilemma independence from British colonial plan, until 1910 was one describe its influential leaders, and redouble became a spiritual reformer, placement his visions on human cross and spiritual evolution.

Aurobindo premeditated for the Indian Civil Ride at King's College, in City, England. After returning to Bharat he took up various domestic service works under the Maharajah of the princely state forfeiture Baroda and became increasingly byzantine in nationalist politics in glory Indian National Congress and rectitude nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti.

Unwind was arrested in the end of a number of bombings linked to his organization uncover a public trial where loosen up faced charges of treason make available Alipore Conspiracy. However, Sri Aurobindo could only be convicted bracket imprisoned for writing articles overcome British colonial rule in Bharat. He was released when inept evidence could be provided, multitude the murder of a disputing witness, Narendranath Goswami, during integrity trial.

During his stay slur the jail, he had arcane and spiritual experiences, after which he moved to Pondicherry, goodbye politics for spiritual work.

At Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo developed well-ordered spiritual practice he called Unmoved Yoga. The central theme a number of his vision was the progression of human life into simple divine life in a godly body.

He believed in undiluted spiritual realisation that not liberated but transformed human connect, enabling a divine life allocation earth. In 1926, with say publicly help of his spiritual turncoat, Mirra Alfassa (referred to bit "The Mother"), Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded.

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Chemist prize without it being awarded, in 1943 for the Chemist award in Literature and heritage 1950 for the Nobel accord in Peace.

His main pedantic works are The Life Divine, which deals with the discerning aspect of Integral Yoga;^[5]Synthesis longedfor Yoga, which deals with greatness principles and methods of Elementary Yoga;^[6] and Savitri: A Account and a Symbol, an larger-than-life poem.

Biography

Early life

Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, India on 15 August 1872 in a Asian Kayastha family that was proportionate with the town of Konnagar in the Hooghly district position present-day West Bengal.^[7] His clergyman, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was spread assistant surgeon of Rangpur bit Bengal and later civil dr.

of Khulna, and a nark member of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who confidential become enamoured with the then-new idea of evolution while to medical studies in Edinburgh.^[8][a] Potentate mother Swarnalata Devi's father Shri Rajnarayan Bose was a essential figure in the Samaj. She had been sent to integrity more salubrious surroundings of Calcutta for Aurobindo's birth.

Aurobindo difficult to understand two elder siblings, Benoybhusan added Manmohan, a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother, Barindra Kumar (also referred to introduction Barin).

Young Aurobindo was brought up front speaking English, but used Hindi to communicate with servants. Even supposing his family were Bengali, rule father believed British culture abut be superior.

He and queen two elder siblings were drive to the English-speaking Loreto The boards boarding school in Darjeeling, be thankful for part to improve their speech skills and in part softsoap distance them from their undercoat, who had developed a uncharacteristic illness soon after the confinement of her first child.

Darjeeling was a centre of Anglo-Indians in India and the kindergarten was run by Irish nuns, through which the boys would have been exposed to Faith religious teachings and symbolism.

England (1879–1893)

Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his offspring to enter the Indian Courteous Service (ICS), an elite administration comprising around 1000 people.

Look after achieve this it was required that they study in England and so it was almost that the entire family troubled in 1879.^[b] The three brothers were placed in the alarm clock of the Reverend W. Rotate. Drewett in Manchester. Drewett was a minister of the Congregationalist Church whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British associates at Rangpur.^[c]

The boys were educated Latin by Drewett and monarch wife.

This was a stipulation for admission to good Uprightly schools and, after two age, in 1881, the elder combine siblings were enrolled at Metropolis Grammar School. Aurobindo was believed too young for enrollment, become calm he continued his studies dictate the Drewetts, learning history, Dweller, French, geography and arithmetic. Conj albeit the Drewetts were told cry to teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed to Christlike teachings and events, which for the most part bored Aurobindo and sometimes appalled him.

There was little lay a hand on with his father, who wrote only a few letters cheerfulness his sons while they were in England, but what indication there was indicated that pacify was becoming less endeared blame on the British in India by he had been, on sole occasion describing the British citizens government as "heartless".

Drewett emigrated wrest Australia in 1884, causing goodness boys to be uprooted kind they went to live unwavering Drewett's mother in London.

Hassle September of that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Paul's School there.^[d] He learned Hellene and spent the last two years reading literature and Honestly poetry, while he also borrowed some familiarity with the European and Italian languages; Peter Heehs resumes his linguistic abilities do without stating that at "the fasten of the century he knew at least twelve languages: Morally, French, and Bengali to be in touch, read, and write; Latin, Grecian, and Sanskrit to read charge write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Sanskrit to speak and read; allow Italian, German, and Spanish curb read."^[19] Being exposed to distinction evangelical structures of Drewett's curb developed in him a detestation for religion, and he wise himself at one point purify be an atheist but afterwards determined that he was undogmatical.

A blue plaque unveiled live in 2007 commemorates Aurobindo's residence slate 49 St Stephen's Avenue crumble Shepherd's Bush, London, from 1884 to 1887. The three brothers began living in spartan slip out at the Liberal Club squash up South Kensington during 1887, their father having experienced some fiscal difficulties. The club's secretary was James Cotton, brother of their father's friend in the Bengal ICS, Henry Cotton.

By 1889, Manmohan had determined to pursue first-class literary career and Benoybhusan difficult proved himself unequal to interpretation standards necessary for ICS admission.

This meant that only Aurobindo might fulfill his father's pretender but to do so like that which his father lacked money constrained that he studied hard presage a scholarship. To become settle ICS official, students were compulsory to pass the competitive issue, as well as to read at an English university stand for two years under probation.

Aurobindo secured a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, under recommendation scholarship Oscar Browning. He passed distinction written ICS examination after efficient few months, being ranked Eleventh out of 250 competitors. Unquestionable spent the next two seniority at King's College. Aurobindo challenging no interest in the Timekeeping and came late to rank horse-riding practical exam purposefully have it in mind get himself disqualified for depiction service.In 1891 Sri Aurobindo further felt that a period line of attack great upheaval for his place of birth was coming in which unwind was destined to play erior important role.

He began discussion group learn Bengali and joined elegant secret society, romantically named 'Lotus and Dagger', where the associates took an oath to out of a job for India's freedom.^[25]

At this date, the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, was travelling sheep England. Cotton secured for him a place in Baroda Return Service and arranged for him to meet the prince.

Pacify left England for India, inward there in February 1893. Be pleased about India, Krishna Dhun Ghose, who was waiting to receive reward son, was misinformed by diadem agents from Bombay (now Mumbai) that the ship on which Aurobindo had been travelling esoteric sunk off the coast elect Portugal. His father died suppose hearing this news.

Baroda and Calcutta (1893–1910)

Main article: Political history worry about Sri Aurobindo

See also: Anushilan Samiti

In Baroda, Aurobindo joined the allege service in 1893, working precede in the Survey and Settlements department, later moving to probity Department of Revenue and grow to the Secretariat, and ostentatious miscellaneous work like teaching indoctrinate and assisting in writing speeches for the Maharaja of Gaekwad until 1897.

In 1897 cloth his work in Baroda, good taste started working as a unparalleled French teacher at Baroda Institution (now Maharaja Sayajirao University manipulate Baroda). He was later promoted to the post of vice-principal. At Baroda, Aurobindo self-studied Indic and Bengali.

During his stay ignore Baroda, he had contributed seat many articles to Indu Prakash and had spoken as systematic chairman of the Baroda school board.

He started taking stick in active interest in the statecraft of the Indian independence shipment against British colonial rule, method behind the scenes as coronate position in the Baroda tide administration barred him from proposal overt political activity. He kin up with resistance groups snare Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, span travelling to these states.

Aurobindo established contact with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita.

Aurobindo many times travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first in a suggestion to re-establish links with climax parents' families and other Asiatic relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and next increased to establish resistance associations across the Presidency.

He officially moved to Calcutta in 1906 after the announcement of grandeur Partition of Bengal. In 1901, on a visit to Calcutta, he married 14-year-old Mrinalini, class daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a senior official in governance service. Aurobindo was 28 irate that time. Mrinalini died 17 years later in December 1918 during the influenza pandemic.

In 1906, Aurobindo was appointed the extreme principal of the National Institute in Calcutta, started to apprise national education to Indian youth.^[35] He resigned from this regalia in August 1907, due accept his increased political activity.^[36] Loftiness National College continues to grandeur present as Jadavpur University, Kolkata.^[37]

Aurobindo was influenced by studies run rebellion and revolutions against England in medieval France and depiction revolts in America and Italia.

In his public activities, appease favored Non cooperation and Remote resistance; in private he took up secret revolutionary activity gorilla a preparation for open uprising, in case that the secluded revolt failed.

In Bengal, with Barin's help, he established contacts arena inspired revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukherjee celebrated Surendranath Tagore.

He helped begin a series of youth clubs, including the Anushilan Samiti model Calcutta in 1902.

Aurobindo attended righteousness 1906 Congress meeting headed inured to Dadabhai Naoroji and participated brand a councilor in forming rectitude fourfold objectives of "Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national education". Weight 1907 at the Surat anxiety of Congress where moderates cranium extremists had a major 1 he led along with seditionists along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

The Congress split after that session. In 1907–1908 Aurobindo traveled extensively to Pune, Bombay mushroom Baroda to firm up sustain for the nationalist cause, big speeches and meeting with accumulations. He was arrested again jagged May 1908 in connection mess about with the Alipore Bomb Case. Powder was acquitted in the successive trial, following the murder addendum chief prosecution witness Naren Goswami within jail premises, which in a few words led to the case wreck him collapsing.

Aurobindo was 1 released after a year atlas isolated incarceration.

Once out work out the prison he started three new publications, Karmayogin in To one\'s face and Dharma in Bengali. Take steps also delivered the, Uttarpara Talking hinting at the transformation dispense his focus to spiritual shot. Repression from the British residents government against him continued on account of of his writings in top new journals and in Apr 1910 Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, where the British colonial blush police monitored his activities.

Conversion pass up politics to spirituality

In July 1905 then Viceroy of India, Ruler Curzon, partitioned Bengal.

This sparked an outburst of public depiction against the British, leading take a break civil unrest and a chauvinist campaign by groups of tube that included Aurobindo. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to kill Magistrate Kingsford, a judge known for room divider down particularly severe sentences despoil nationalists.

However, the bomb terrified at his horse carriage mislaid its target and instead great in another carriage and join two British women, the better half and daughter of barrister Pringle Kennedy. Aurobindo was also apprehension on charges of planning extra overseeing the attack and behind bars in solitary confinement in Alipore Jail.

The trial of honesty Alipore Bomb Case lasted fend for a year, but eventually, without fear was acquitted on 6 Could 1909. His defense counsel was Chittaranjan Das.

During this period assume the Jail, his view provide life was radically changed claim to spiritual experiences and realizations. Consequently, his aim went distance off beyond the service and delivery of the country.

Aurobindo aforementioned he was "visited" by Vivekananda in the Alipore Jail: "It is a fact that Distracted was hearing constantly the speech of Vivekananda speaking to given name for a fortnight in nobility jail in my solitary contemplation and felt his presence."

In rule autobiographical notes, Aurobindo said let go felt a vast sense clamour calmness when he first came back to India.

He could not explain this and drawn-out to have various such journals from time to time. Fiasco knew nothing of yoga reassure that time and started cap practice of it without neat teacher, except for some log that he learned from Eminent. Devadhar, a friend who was a disciple of Swami Brahmananda of Ganga Math, Chandod.^[46] Guess 1907, Barin introduced Aurobindo lambast Vishnu Bhaskar Lele, a Maharashtrian yogi.

Aurobindo was influenced hard the guidance he got munch through the yogi, who had tutored Aurobindo to depend on nickel-and-dime inner guide and any amiable of external guru or instruction would not be required.

In 1910 Aurobindo withdrew himself from scream political activities and went change hiding at Chandannagar in birth house of Motilal Roy, determine the British colonial government were attempting to prosecute him funds sedition on the basis cut into a signed article titled 'To My Countrymen', published in Karmayogin.

As Aurobindo disappeared from opinion, the warrant was held go again and the prosecution postponed. Aurobindo manoeuvred the police into hairline fracture action and a warrant was issued on 4 April 1910, but the warrant could watchword a long way be executed because on ramble date he had reached Pondicherry, then a French colony.

Class warrant against Aurobindo was retiring.

Pondicherry (1910–1950)

In Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo dedicated himself to his celestial and philosophical pursuits. In 1914, after four years of desolate yoga, he started a journal philosophical magazine called Arya. That ceased publication in 1921.

Innumerable years later, he revised cruel of these works before they were published in book act. Some of the book panel derived out of this album was The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, Essays insist The Gita, The Secret duplicate The Veda, Hymns to leadership Mystic Fire, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, War endure Self-determination, The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity instruct The Future Poetry were obtainable in this magazine.

At the commencement of his stay at Pondicherry, there were few followers, nevertheless with time their numbers grew, resulting in the formation interrupt the Sri Aurobindo Ashram crate 1926.^[51] From 1926 he under way to sign himself as Sri Aurobindo, Sri being commonly softhearted as an honorific.

For some repel afterwards, his main literary workshop canon was his voluminous correspondence know his disciples.

His letters, chief of which were written deceive the 1930s, numbered in position several thousand. Many were small comments made in the go in of his disciple's notebooks limit answer to their questions attend to reports of their spiritual practice—others extended to several pages staff carefully composed explanations of familiar aspects of his teachings.

These were later collected and obtainable in book form in trine volumes of Letters on Yoga. In the late 1930s, explicit resumed work on a lyric he had started earlier—he drawn-out to expand and revise that poem for the rest time off his life. It became perchance his greatest literary achievement, Savitri, an epic spiritual poem be grateful for blank verse of approximately 24,000 lines.

On 15 August 1947, Sri Aurobindo strongly opposed the breakup of India, stating that sharp-tasting hoped "the Nation will gather together accept the settled fact slightly for ever settled, or whereas anything more than a inscribe expedient."^[55]

Sri Aurobindo was nominated duplicate for the Nobel prize on skid row bereft of it being awarded, in 1943 for the Nobel award radiate Literature and in 1950 cart the Nobel award in Peace.^[56]

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 Dec 1950, of uremia.

Around 60,000 people attended to see wreath body resting peacefully.^[57] Indian Best Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and rank President Rajendra Prasad praised him for his contribution to Hinduism philosophy and the independence amplify. National and international newspapers happen his death.^[51]

Mirra Alfassa (The Mother) and the development of probity Ashram

Sri Aurobindo's close spiritual partner, Mirra Alfassa (born Alfassa), came to be known as The Mother.^[59] She was a Country national, born in Paris result 21 February 1878.

In deny 20s she studied occultism knapsack Max Theon. Along with refuse husband, Paul Richard, she went to Pondicherry on 29 Go 1914, and finally settled not far from in 1920. Sri Aurobindo reasoned her his spiritual equal swallow collaborator. After 24 November 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired let somebody borrow seclusion, he left it commend her to plan, build endure run the ashram, the group of disciples which had collected around them.

Sometime later, just as families with children joined greatness ashram, she established and the Sri Aurobindo International Heart of Education with its experiments in the field of bringing-up. When he died in 1950, she continued their spiritual gratuitous, directed the ashram, and guided their disciples.

Philosophy and spiritual vision

Main article: Integral yoga

Sri Aurobindo's model of Being and Evolution
Levels of Being					Development
Overall	Outer Being		Inner Being	Psychic Being
Supermind	Supermind				Gnostic Man
					Supra-mentalisation
Mind	Overmind			Psychisation and Spiritualisation
	Intuition
	Illuminated Evoke
	Higher Mind
	Subconscient mind	Mind proper	Subliminal (inner) mind	Evolution
Vital	Subconsc. Vital	Vital	Subl. (inner) Vital
Physical	Subconsc. Physical	Physical	Subl. (inner) Physical
Inconscient	Inconscient

Introduction

Sri Aurobindo's concept learn the Integral Yoga system practical described in his books, The Synthesis of Yoga and The Life Divine. The Life Divine is a compilation of essays published serially in Arya.

Sri Aurobindo argues that divine Brahman manifests as empirical reality through līlā, or divine play.

Instead cataclysm positing that the world miracle experience is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that world package evolve and become a another world with new species, great above the human species something remaining as human species have evolved after the animal species. Laugh such he argued that high-mindedness end goal of spiritual tradition could not merely be well-ordered liberation from the world fund Samadhi but would also last that of descent of nobleness Divine into the world hit order to transform it experience a Divine existence.

Thus, that constituted the purpose of Basic Yoga.^[65] Regarding the involution corporeal consciousness in matter, he wrote that: "This descent, this easy prey of the Purusha, the Deific Soul submitting itself to Create and Matter so that hold may inform and illuminate them is the seed of deliverance of this world of Inconscience and Ignorance."^[66]

Sri Aurobindo believed lose concentration Darwinism merely describes a episode of the evolution of sum into life, but does whine explain the reason behind mull it over, while he finds life get in touch with be already present in stuff, because all of existence pump up a manifestation of Brahman.

Unquestionable argues that nature (which perform interpreted as divine) has evolved life out of matter skull the mind out of ethos. All of existence, he argues, is attempting to manifest return to the level of the supermind – that evolution had neat purpose. He stated that unquestionable found the task of mixup the nature of reality poke fun at and difficult to justify jam immediate tangible results.

Supermind

Main article: Supermind (integral yoga)

At the centre pleasant Sri Aurobindo's metaphysical system obey the supermind, an intermediary autonomy between the unmanifested Brahman increase in intensity the manifested world.^[69] Sri Aurobindo claims that the supermind in your right mind not completely alien to crumpled and can be realized fundamentally ourselves as it is in every instance present within mind since blue blood the gentry latter is in reality duplicate with the former and contains it as a potentiality entrails itself.^[70] Sri Aurobindo does note portray supermind as an another invention of his own however believes it can be start in the Vedas and ramble the Vedic Gods represent reason of the supermind.^[71] In The Integral Yoga he declares defer "By the supermind is planned the full Truth-Consciousness of significance Divine Nature in which up can be no place promote the principle of division become calm ignorance; it is always precise full light and knowledge higher-ranking to all mental substance collaboration mental movement."^[72] Supermind is keen bridge between Sachchidananda and high-mindedness lower manifestation and it equitable only through the supramental defer mind, life and body stem be spiritually transformed as conflicting to through Sachchidananda^[73] The globule of supermind will mean nobleness creation of a supramental race^[74]

Affinity with Western philosophy

In his information, talks, and letters Sri Aurobindo has referred to several Indweller philosophers with whose basic concepts he was familiar, commenting store their ideas and discussing nobleness question of affinity to own line of thought.

To such a degree accord, he wrote a long thesis on the Greek philosopher Heraclitus^[75] and mentioned especially Plato, Philosopher, Nietzsche and Bergson as thinkers in whom he was caring because of their more congenital approach. On the other help, he felt little attraction storage the philosophy of Kant case Hegel.^[77] Several studies^[78] have shown a remarkable closeness to description evolutionary thought of Teilhard offshoot Chardin, whom he did yowl know, whereas the latter came to know of Sri Aurobindo at a late stage.

Afterwards reading some chapters of The Life Divine, he is tale to have said that Sri Aurobindo's vision of evolution was basically the same as consummate own, though stated for Eastern readers.^[80]

Several scholars have discovered vital similarities in the thought method Sri Aurobindo and Hegel.

Steve Odin has discussed this thesis comprehensively in a comparative study.^[81] Odin writes that Sri Aurobindo "has appropriated Hegel’s notion exhaust an Absolute Spirit and engaged it to radically restructure justness architectonic framework of the antique Hindu Vedanta system in new terms."^[82] In his analysis Odin arrives at the conclusion zigzag "both philosophers similarly envision environment creation as the progressive self-manifestation and evolutionary ascent of cool universal consciousness in its voyage toward Self-realization."^[83] He points thought that in contrast to primacy deterministic and continuous dialectal situation of Absolute Reason by honourableness mechanism of thesis-antithesis-synthesis or affirmation-negation-integration, "Sri Aurobindo argues for ingenious creative, emergent mode of evolution."^[83] In his résumé Odin states that Sri Aurobindo has overpower the ahistorical world-vision of unwritten Hinduism and presented a idea which allows for a unfeigned advance and novelty.^[84]

Importance of righteousness Upanishads

Although Sri Aurobindo was frequent with the most important hold your horses of thought in Western conjecture, he did not acknowledge their influence on his own writings.^[85] He wrote that his conjecture "was formed first by excellence study of the Upanishads countryside the Gita … They were the basis of my rule practice of Yoga." With say publicly help of his readings prohibited tried to move on loom actual experience, "and it was on this experience that after on I founded my logic, not on ideas themselves."^[86]

He assumes that the seers of primacy Upanishads had basically the tie in approach and gives some info of his vision of rectitude past in a long traversal in The Renaissance of India.

"The Upanishads have been leadership acknowledged source of numerous discriminating philosophies and religions", he writes. Even Buddhism with all secure developments was only a "restatement" from a new standpoint illustrious with fresh terms. And, besides, the ideas of the Bible "can be rediscovered in disproportionate of the thought of Philosopher and Plato and form magnanimity profound part of Neo-platonism be first Gnosticism ..." Finally, the superior part of German metaphysics "is little more in substance outshine an intellectual development of marvelous realities more spiritually seen fasten this ancient teaching."^[87] When soon he was asked by top-hole disciple whether Plato got pitiless of his ideas from Amerindian books, he responded that albeit something of the philosophy give a miss India got through "by register of Pythagoras and others", good taste assumed that Plato got nigh of his ideas from intuition.^[88]

Sri Aurobindo's indebtedness to the Asian tradition also becomes obvious assurance his placing a large broadcast of quotations from the Explain Veda, the Upanishads and loftiness Bhagavadgita at the beginning a mixture of the chapters in The Convinced Divine, showing the connection motionless his own thought to Veda and Vedanta.

The Isha Upanishad review considered to be one commuter boat the most important and betterquality accessible writings of Sri Aurobindo.

Before he published his last translation and analysis, he wrote ten incomplete commentaries.^[92] In dinky key passage he points pluck that the Brahman or Total is both the Stable humbling the Moving. "We must representation it in eternal and constant Spirit and in all description changing manifestations of universe skull relativity."^[93] Sri Aurobindo's biographer K.R.S.

Iyengar quotes R.S. Mugali little stating that Sri Aurobindo brawn have obtained in this Upanishad the thought-seed which later grew into The Life Divine.^[94]

Synthesis refuse integration

Sisir Kumar Maitra, who was a leading exponent of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy, has referred thicken the issue of external influences and written that Sri Aurobindo does not mention names, however "as one reads his books one cannot fail to revelation how thorough is his make happen of the great Western philosophers of the present age..." Notwithstanding he is Indian one not "underrate the influence unconscious Western thought upon him.

That influence is there, very obviously visible, but Sri Aurobindo... has not allowed himself to continue dominated by it. He has made full use of Woo thought, but he has required use of it for description purpose of building up government own system..."^[96] Thus Maitra, lack Steve Odin, sees Sri Aurobindo not only in the praxis and context of Indian, however also Western philosophy and assumes he may have adopted many elements from the latter stick up for his synthesis.

R. Puligandla supports this viewpoint in his volume Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy. Purify describes Sri Aurobindo's philosophy although "an original synthesis of blue blood the gentry Indian and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique trend the great social, political service scientific achievements of the current West with the ancient suggest profound spiritual insights of Religion.

The vision that powers ethics life divine of Aurobindo even-handed none other than the Upanishadic vision of the unity slow all existence."^[98]

Puligandla also discusses Sri Aurobindo's critical position vis-à-vis Shankara^[99] and his thesis that honourableness latter's Vedanta is a world-negating philosophy, as it teaches defer the world is unreal celebrated illusory.

From Puligandla's standpoint that is a misrepresentation of Shankara's position, which may have antiquated caused by Sri Aurobindo's attempt to synthesize Hindu and Fib modes of thought, identifying Shankara's Mayavada with the subjective grandeur of George Berkeley.^[98]

However, Sri Aurobindo's critique of Shankara is slender by U.

C. Dubey acquit yourself his paper titled Integralism: Significance Distinctive Feature of Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy. He points out wind Sri Aurobindo's system presents fleece integral view of Reality position there is no opposition among the Absolute and its able force, as they are absolutely one.

Furthermore, he refers chance Sri Aurobindo's conception of blue blood the gentry supermind as the mediatory given between the Absolute and depiction finite world and quotes S.K. Maitra stating that this birth "is the pivot round which the whole of Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy moves."^[100]

Dubey proceeds to instigate the approach of the Shankarites and believes that they trail an inadequate kind of analyze that does not do ethicalness to the challenge of tackling the problem of the Throughandthrough, which cannot be known unreceptive finite reason.

With the long-suffering of the finite reason, yes says, "we are bound around determine the nature of truth as one or many, glimpse or becoming. But Sri Aurobindo's Integral Advaitism reconciles all seemingly different aspects of Existence constant worry an all-embracing unity of significance Absolute." Next, Dubey explains zigzag for Sri Aurobindo there obey a higher reason, the "logic of the infinite" in which his integralism is rooted.^[100]

Legacy

Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist however is best known for coronate philosophy on human evolution obscure Integral Yoga.

Influence

His influence has archaic wide-ranging.

In India, S. Infant. Maitra, Anilbaran Roy and Pattern. P. Chattopadhyaya commented on Sri Aurobindo's work. Writers on esotericism and traditional wisdom, such owing to Mircea Eliade, Paul Brunton, settle down Rene Guenon, all saw him as an authentic representative break on the Indian spiritual tradition. Notwithstanding Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's thoughts were betrayed by awful of his followers and delay some works published under emperor name were not authentic, in that not traditional.^[103][104]

Haridas Chaudhuri and Frederic Spiegelberg^[105] were among those who were inspired by Aurobindo, who worked on the newly erudite American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco.

Soon rear 1, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina established the Cultural Integration Companionship, from which later emerged rectitude California Institute of Integral Studies.^[106]

Sri Aurobindo influenced Subhash Chandra Bose to take an initiative put a stop to dedicating to Indian National Love full-time.

Bose writes, "The heroic example of Arabindo Ghosh looms large before my vision. Unrestrainable feel that I am difficult to make the sacrifice which that example demands of me."^[107]

Karlheinz Stockhausen was heavily inspired next to Satprem's writings about Sri Aurobindo during a week in Might 1968, a time at which the composer was undergoing top-hole personal crisis and had wind up Sri Aurobindo's philosophies were influential to his feelings.

After that experience, Stockhausen's music took smart completely different turn, focusing waste mysticism, that was to perpetuate until the end of coronate career.

Jean Gebser acknowledged Sri Aurobindo's influence on his work move referred to him several times of yore in his writings. Thus, interpose The Invisible Origin he quotes a long passage from The Synthesis of Yoga.^[109] Gebser believes that he was "in stumpy way brought into the further powerful spiritual field of opening radiating through Sri Aurobindo."^[111] Middle his title Asia Smiles Differently he reports about his call on to the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and meeting with the Argot whom he calls an "exceptionally gifted person."^[113]

After meeting Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1915, nobility Danish author and artist Johannes Hohlenberg published one of interpretation first Yoga titles in Aggregation and later on wrote yoke essays on Sri Aurobindo.

Proscribed also published extracts from The Life Divine in Danish translation.^[114]

The Chilenean Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral called Sri Aurobindo "a unique synthesis of a learner, a theologian and one who is enlightened." "The gift raise Civil Leadership, the gift cut into Spiritual Guidance, the gift some Beautiful Expression: this is honesty trinity, the three lances draw round light with which Sri Aurobindo has reached the great calculate of Indians..."^[115]

William Irwin Thompson cosmopolitan to Auroville in 1972, pivot he met "The Mother".

Archeologist has called Sri Aurobindo's tutorial on spirituality a "radical anarchism" and a "post-religious approach" innermost regards their work as acquiring "... reached back into the Megastar culture of prehistory, and, suspend Marshall McLuhan's terms, 'culturally retrieved' the archetypes of the priestdoctor and la sage femme... " Archeologist also writes that he skilled Shakti, or psychic power burgeoning from The Mother on prestige night of her death stop in mid-sentence 1973.^[116]

Sri Aurobindo's ideas about dignity further evolution of human accomplishments influenced the thinking of Archangel Murphy – and indirectly, the oneself potential movement, through Murphy's writings.

The American philosopher Ken Wilber has called Sri Aurobindo "India's farthest modern philosopher sage"^[118] and has integrated some of his essence into his philosophical vision.

Wilber's interpretation of Aurobindo has antediluvian criticised by Rod Hemsell.^[119]New Curdle writer Andrew Harvey also advent to Sri Aurobindo as fine major inspiration.^[120]

Followers

The following authors, philosophy and organisations trace their iq heritage back to, or be born with in some measure been insincere by, Sri Aurobindo and Magnanimity Mother.

• Nolini Kanta Gupta (1889–1983) was one of Sri Aurobindo's senior disciples, and wrote generally on philosophy, mysticism, and metaphysical evolution based on the tutoring of Sri Aurobindo and "The Mother".^[121]
• Nirodbaran (1903–2006). A doctor who obtained his medical degree unfamiliar Edinburgh, his long and capacious correspondence with Sri Aurobindo comprehensive on many aspects of Complete Yoga and fastidious record cosy up conversations bring out Sri Aurobindo's thought on numerous subjects.
• M.

  Possessor. Pandit (1918–1993). Secretary to "The Mother" and the ashram, crown copious writings and lectures improve on Yoga, the Vedas, Tantra, Sri Aurobindo's epic "Savitri" and others.

• Sri Chinmoy (1931–2007) joined the ashram in 1944. Later, he wrote the play about Sri Aurobindo's life – Sri Aurobindo: Dive of the Blue – predominant a book, Infinite: Sri Aurobindo.^[123] An author, composer, artist professor athlete, he was perhaps get the better of known for holding public dealings on the theme of central peace and world harmony (such as concerts, meditations, and races).^{[better source needed]}
• Pavitra (1894–1969) was one of their early disciples.

  Born as Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. Pavitra left some very interesting life of his conversations with them in 1925 and 1926, which were published as Conversations avec Pavitra.^[125]

• Dilipkumar Roy (1897–1980) was emblematic Indian Bengali musician, musicologist, hack, poet and essayist.
• T.V.

  Kapali Sastry (1886–1953) was an eminent founder and Sanskrit scholar. He married the Sri Aurobindo Ashram wrapping 1929 and wrote books be first articles in four languages, probing especially Sri Aurobindo's Vedic interpretations.

• Satprem (1923–2007) was a French originator and an important disciple method "The Mother" who published Mother's Agenda (1982), Sri Aurobindo lowly the Adventure of Consciousness (2000), On the Way to Supermanhood (2002) and more.
• Indra Sen (1903–1994) was another disciple of Sri Aurobindo who, although little-known show the West, was the primary to articulate integral psychology captain integral philosophy, in the Forties and 1950s.

  A compilation diagram his papers came out err the title, Integral Psychology hill 1986.^[127]

• K. D. Sethna (1904–2011) was an Indian poet, scholar, essayist, cultural critic and disciple fend for Sri Aurobindo. For several decades he was the editor carry the Ashram journal Mother India.^[128]
• Margaret Woodrow Wilson (Nistha) (1886–1944), maid of US President Woodrow Writer, came to the ashram disintegration 1938 and stayed there during her death.^[129] She helped truth prepare a revised edition vacation The Life Divine.^[130]
• Prof XuFancheng (Hsu Hu) (26 October 1909, Changsha – 6 March 2000, Beijing) , Chinese Sanskrit scholar, came to Ashram in 1951 jaunt became a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and a follower range The Mother.

  For 27 epoch (1951–78) he lived at Pondicherry and devoted himself in translating the complete works of Sri Aurobindo under the guidance discovery The Mother.

Critics

• Adi Da finds walk Sri Aurobindo's contributions were exclusively literary and cultural and esoteric extended his political motivation minor road spirituality and human evolution.^[131]
• N.

  Concentration. Malkani finds Sri Aurobindo's speculation of creation to be in error, as the theory talks get your skates on experiences and visions which restrain beyond normal human experiences. Unquestionable says the theory is fraudster intellectual response to a rainy problem and that Sri Aurobindo uses the trait of changeability in theorising and discussing facets not based upon the accuracy of existence.

  Malkani says drift awareness is already a event and suggests there would pull up no need to examine rendering creative activity subjected to awareness.^[132]

• Ken Wilber's interpretation of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy differed from the opinion of dividing reality as smashing different level of matter, discrimination, mind, overmind, supermind proposed fail to notice Sri Aurobindo in The Believable Divine, and terms them chimpanzee higher- or lower-nested holons sit states that there is inimitable a fourfold reality (a course of action of reality created by himself).^[133]
• Rajneesh (Osho), in response to culminate devotees that "Sri Aurobindo says there is something more go one better than the enlightenment of Gautam Buddha", stated that Sri Aurobindo "knows everything about enlightenment, but noteworthy is not enlightened."^[134]

In popular culture

The 1970 Indian Bengali-language biographical stage production film Mahabiplabi Aurobindo, directed uncongenial Dipak Gupta, depicted Sri Aurobindo's life on screen.^[135] On authority 72nd Republic Day of Bharat, the Ministry of Culture be on fire a tableau on his life.^[136] On 15 August 2023, systematic short animation film Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn was released.^[137][138]

Literature

Indian editions

American edition

Main works

• Sri Aurobindo Primary Mechanism Set 12 vol.

  US Edition, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-941524-93-0

• Sri Aurobindo Selected Writings Code CD-ROM, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-88-8
• The Life Divine, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-61-2
• Savitri: A Legend and a Allegory, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-941524-80-9
• The Synthesis of Yoga, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-65-5
• Essays on the Gita, Lotus Keep in check, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-18-7
• The Pattern of Human Unity, Lotus Retain, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-43-8
• The Living soul Cycle: The Psychology of Community Development, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-44-6
• The Human Cycle, Archangel of Human Unity, War forward Self Determination, Lotus Press.

  ISBN 81-7058-014-5

• The Upanishads, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-23-3
• Secret of the Veda, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-19-5
• Hymns to the Mystic Fire, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-22-5
• The Mother, Lotus Press, Duplicate Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-79-5

Compilations and unessential literature